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Search result for "MEDICAL / Neurology"

  • Acute heat illnesses

    Suspect always heatstroke when physical activity is accompanied by hot skin, altered consciousnes...
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  • Acute porphyria

    Acute intermittent porphyria, porphyria variegata, and to a lesser degree hereditary coproporphyr...
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  • ADHD

    ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that has at...
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  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

    The terms ALS and motor neurone disease (MND) are often used interchangeably. ALS is the most com...
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  • An unconscious patient

    An unconscious patient cannot communicate, is unarousable and does not obey commands. Unconscious...
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  • Aphasia

    Aphasia is a disorder affecting the processing, formulation and comprehension of spoken and writt...
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  • Assessment of physical and cognitive functioning

    Many different measures are used in the assessment of physical, cognitive and psychological funct...
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  • Ataxia

    Ataxia is defined as an inability to coordinate movements. Ataxia produces, for example, balance ...
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  • Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

    Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common vertigo inducing vestibular disord...
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  • Brain and spinal cord tumours

    A tumour is found in about one fifth of adult patients who present with newly diagnosed epilepsy ...
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  • Brain contusion

    Brain contusion can be suspectedif a patient with brain injury is unconscious for several minutes...
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  • Brain death

    The death of a person refers to the permanent cessation of all integrated brain function. Brain d...
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  • Cerebral infarction (ischaemic stroke)

    The treatment of cerebral infarction has been intensified during the recent years. Most patients ...
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  • Chronic pain

    The principal treatment responsibility of pain patients lies with the primary health care. Specia...
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  • Clinical assessment of memory impairment

    If a progressive memory disease is suspected (e.g. one of the domains in the CERAD test battery i...
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  • Clinical neurophysiology in diagnostics

    Clinical neurophysiology is a branch of medicine concerned with the measurement of the electrical...
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  • Clinical use of neuroradiological imaging

    Always consider, whether the possible benefit from the investigation is greater than the harm to ...
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  • Curable causes of memory-related symptoms and diseases

    Identify curable causes of memory-related symptoms and diseases. Treat these patients before thei...
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  • Delirium in the elderly

    Delirium or acute confusional state is an extensive, rapid-onset disturbance of brain function du...
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  • Depression, drugs and somatic diseases

    Depression is a common disorder related to other psychiatric and somatic diseases, and it often c...
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  • Detection of neurological disorders in children

    Refer all children with developmental stagnation for further investigations without delay. Tre...
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  • Diabetic neuropathy

    The diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy is based on the diagnosis of diabetes, typical symptoms and ...
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  • Differential diagnostics of episodic symptoms

    The majority of episodic symptoms are benign, but the possibility of potentially serious conditio...
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  • Diseases of the spinal cord

    The first thing to assess is whether symptoms originating from the spinal cord are caused by a tr...
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  • Encephalitis

    Encephalitis should be suspected in patients with acute-onset headache, confusion, fever or cloud...
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  • Encephalitis in children

    All children with suspected encephalitis should be investigated and treated in a hospital. Signs ...
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  • Epilepsy in children

    Early diagnosis of childhood epilepsy is important and often improves prognosis. Epilepsy startin...
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  • Examining a patient after an epileptic seizure

    The first physician attending to the patient should establish and record the course of the seizur...
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  • Eyelid myokymia

    Benign, self-limited muscle contractions usually involving the orbicularis oculi muscle Not assoc...
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  • Falls of the elderly

    In 10% of cases, falls of the elderly lead to serious injuries, e.g. hip fractures. Reduce alread...
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  • Fatigue

    Fatigue may be associated with many chronic diseases. Diseases possibly causing fatigue should be...
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  • Frontotemporal lobar degeneration

    Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is a progressive memory disease with three typical symptom pict...
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  • Gait disturbances

    In a young or working-aged person gait disturbance is most often caused by a specific disease. In...
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  • Guidelines regarding sudden unexpected death in infancy

    Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be prevented by instructing parents not to let the infant...
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  • Guillain-Barré syndrome (polyradiculitis)

    Polyneuritis is an inflammation of the nerve roots. It affects mainly the motor nerves and has an...
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  • Headache

    Headache is experienced by 70–95% of all people at some point in their life.Thorough patien...
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  • Headache in children

    Sporadic headaches are common and do not require further investigations or treatment. Headache ma...
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  • Hiccup

    Hiccup is a myoclonus of the diaphragm in which the diaphragmatic muscle is suddenly contracted. ...
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  • Hydrocephalus and shunt complications

    Approximately 500 ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed within the brain each day, principall...
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  • Hyperventilation

    Recognize and treat non-psychogenic causes of hyperventilation. In elderly persons, psychogenic c...
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  • Increased intracranial pressure

    The possibility of increased intracranial pressure must be considered in a patient whose symptoms...
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  • Insomnia

    There is usually no single cause of insomnia but, in addition to medical causes, there are a numb...
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  • Intracerebral haemorrhage

    Intracerebral haemorrhage is the cause of ca. 15% of strokes. Hypertension is the most common cau...
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  • Intracranial aneurysm and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)

    Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) should be suspected however slight the symptoms, and the diagnosis...
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  • Intracranial haematomas

    Suspect an intracranial haematoma when a patient with a head injury has progressive headache, con...
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  • Involuntary movements

    Involuntary movements (dyskinesias) are often caused by an injury or disorder in the extrapyramid...
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  • Learning disorders

    Learning disorders include difficulties in reading and writing, disturbances in arithmetic skills...
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  • Listeriosis

    Pregnant women, persons with immunodeficiency and elderly persons with multiple diseases must avo...
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  • Lumbar puncture, examination of cerebrospinal fluid and findings

    A general practitioner usually has to perform a lumbar puncture only in an emergency setting.
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  • Meningitis

    Bacterial meningitis should always be suspected in a patient with headache, high fever and neck s...
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  • Meningitis in children

    Suspect bacterial meningitis if a child is clearly ill and has severe symptoms. Acute bacterial m...
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  • Mental disorders due to somatic disease

    Somatic diseases that cause psychiatric symptoms particularly in the early phase should be identi...
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  • Meralgia paraesthetica

    Entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in the inguinal area Seen especially in middle-...
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  • Migraine

    The therapy for mild migraine consists of paracetamol, aspirin or NSAIDs either alone or combined...
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  • Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion)

    Mild traumatic brain injury has to be recognized, the condition of the patient assessed and an ap...
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  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)

    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology that affects the white matt...
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  • Muscle weakness and paralysis symptom

    The underlying causes of muscle weakness or a paralysis symptom may include disorders of the uppe...
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  • Myasthenia gravis and myasthenic syndrome

    Myasthenia gravis is arare autoimmune disease, in which the function of the myoneural junction of...
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  • Narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin

    These conditions are very rare causes of excessive sleepiness but should nevertheless be identifi...
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  • Nausea and vomiting

    The most common cause of acute nausea is an acute gastroenteritis. The patient usually has concur...
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  • Nerve entrapment and compression disorders

    Compression neuropathy, i.e. peripheral nerve compression, is caused by external pressure on the ...
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  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

    The possibility of neuroleptic malignant syndrome should be kept in mind in patients on antipsych...
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  • Neurological disorders and alcohol

    It is recommended that as a general precaution all patients with a known history of chronic alcoh...
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  • Neurological examination

    Obtaining the patient's history is the most important part of a neurological examination, pro...
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  • Neurological eye symptoms

    An impression of the site of a neuro-ophthalmic lesion and its possible cause may be obtained by ...
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  • Neuropsychological disorders

    Damage or injury to the brain may cause temporary or permanent changes in the patient's cogni...
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  • Obstructive sleep apnoea in the adult

    Sleep-related breathing disorders reduce the quality of sleep and cause daytime fatigue.Untreated...
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  • Parkinson's disease

    The motor symptoms of the disease are caused by destruction of the neurones of the nigrostriatal ...
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  • Peripheral facial paralysis

    Peripheral facial paralysis is often idiopathic (known as Bell’s palsy) but it may also be ...
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  • Peripheral neuropathies: examination of the patient

    Determine the level of the disorder: is there a damage to the peripheral nerve system (e.g. disor...
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  • Pituitary tumours

    The majority of pituitary tumours are benign adenomas.The tumours may be hormonally active and be...
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  • Poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome

    Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly contagious disease, but in the majority of cases it causes no s...
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  • Polymyalgia rheumatica

    Among the vast amount of patients who suffer from pain those should be identified in whom the sym...
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  • Polyneuropathies

    Symmetrical disease of (motor and sensory) peripheral nerves and/or the autonomic nerve system Th...
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  • Radiculopathies

    Pain radiating from the spine to the territory innervated by the affected root is the most typica...
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  • Rehabilitation of the stroke patient

    The best results are obtained by starting rehabilitation early . Extensive long-term therapy is a...
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  • Restless legs and akathisia

    Restless legs syndrome is a condition in which the patient experiences nocturnal, unpleasant sens...
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  • Sequelae of traumatic brain injury

    Traumatic brain injury (also called a ”head injury”) must include trauma to the head ...
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  • Shunt complications in children

    The signs of shunt malfunction are similar to the signs of hydrocephalus: the signs of s...
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  • Skull and brain injury

    Recognize possible acute injury to the brain. Evaluate the severity of the brain injury according...
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  • Speech and language development

    Children deviating from the age-related development path should be referred to a speech therapist...
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  • Spinal cord injuries

    Consider the possibility of spinal cord injury in all trauma patients, and ensure that transport ...
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  • Suspicion of rabies

    Rabies is a fatal disease, but it is always preventable through a series of vaccinations and immu...
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  • Symptoms of arrhythmia and examination of an arrhythmia patient

    Patient's medical history, clinical examination and resting ECG are the cornerstones for diag...
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  • Syncope: causes and investigations

    Identify benign causes of disturbed consciousness in order to avoid unnecessary extensive investi...
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  • Systemic diseases in pregnancy

    Poorly treated or untreated systemic disease impairs fertility; adequate management effectively r...
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  • Temporal (giant cell) arteritis

    Remember the possibility of temporal arteritis as a cause of headache, visual disturbances and di...
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  • Tinnitus

    Establish the aetiology. In some cases, the cause may be eliminated (noise, otosclerosis, acousti...
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  • Transient global amnesia (TGA)

    Transient global amnesia (TGA) refers to a benign episode of memory loss of unknown aetiology, wh...
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  • Treating psychological problems in persons with intellectual disability (ID) in primary health care

    The essential goals are to recognize conditions requiring a more specific assessment of a possibl...
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  • Treatment of a prolonged epileptic seizure and status epilepticus

    A prolonged seizure with unconsciousness is a life-threatening emergency situation requiring imme...
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  • Treatment of epilepsy in adults

    Epilepsy requires regular, long-term pharmacotherapy, and the indications should be considered ca...
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  • Treatment of spasticity

    Spasticity does not necessarily require treatment. It may function as support for a limb with wea...
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  • Tremor

    The most important diseases with tremor are essential tremor and Parkinson's disease . Variou...
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  • Trigeminal neuralgia and other facial pain

    Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by paroxysms of intense pain resembling electrical shocks o...
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  • Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia

    The average disease duration is about 5 years; the prognosis of the disease is worse than in Alzh...
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  • Vasculitides

    Vasculitis has to be taken into account when the patient presents with systemic symptoms
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  • Vertigo

    Benign postural vertigo, cervical vertigo, orthostatic hypotension and vestibular neuronitis shou...
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  • Winged scapula (scapula alata)

    Injury to the accessory nerve in association with a surgical intervention should be readily recog...
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