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Search result for "MEDICAL / Endocrinology & Metabolism"

  • A child or adolescent with type 1 diabetes in primary health care

    The care of a child with type 1 diabetes requires specialist management. If a diabetic child pres...
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  • A lump in the neck

    When assessing the aetiology, take into account possible symptoms of infection, the patient&rsquo...
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  • Abnormal menstrual bleeding

    A detailed history of menstrual bleeding is often more important than the pelvic examination. Dif...
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  • Acute abdominal symptoms in children

    Most abdominal symptoms in children can be treated by the general practitioner. The most common o...
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  • Addison's disease and other conditions inducing hypocortisolism

    The symptoms of insufficient levels of cortisol include weight loss, fatigue and hypotension. Ski...
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  • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

    the origin of an increased plasma ALP concentration is usually either the liver or the ...
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  • Amenorrhoea

    In primary amenorrhoea, the patient has never had a menstruation. In secondary amenorrhoea, menst...
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  • Assessment of an obese patient

    Determine the degree of obesity. In adults the body mass index (BMI) is a suitable measure. Mild ...
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  • Bariatric surgery (obesity surgery)

    The long-term results of bariatric surgery are usually significantly better than those achieved w...
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  • Blood gas analysis and acid-base balance

    The blood specimen should be examined as soon as possible after sampling 
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  • Contraception: initiation, choice of method and follow-up

    The time when a young woman starts with contraception provides a good opportunity to influence he...
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  • Crohn’s disease

    The most common symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, weight loss and blood in the stool...
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  • Cushing's syndrome

    Cushing’s syndrome may be behind the patient's hypertension or metabolic syndrome . Dia...
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  • Diabetes: definition, differential diagnosis and classification

    The diagnosis of diabetes is based on elevated fasting glucose level (plasma glucose = 7.0 mmol/l...
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  • Diabetic ketoacidosis

    Always remember to measure plasma/blood glucose in insulin-treated diabetic patients showing symp...
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  • Diabetic nephropathy

    Patients with diabetes should be screened annually for microalbuminuria and eGFR (estimated glome...
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  • Diabetic neuropathy

    The diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy is based on the diagnosis of diabetes, typical symptoms and ...
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  • Diabetic retinopathy

    Screening for diabetic retinopathy prevents blindness and visual impairment and offers a good cos...
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  • Diagnosis and treatment of childhood hypercholesterolaemia

    Identify and guide to treatment children with hereditary dyslipidaemia, especially familial hyper...
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  • Doping in sports

    The aim of the anti-doping work is to prevent the use of substances and methods that are hazardou...
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  • Erectile dysfunction (impotence)

    Erectile dysfunction is often of organic origin. However, problems in self confidence and couple ...
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  • Examining a patient with a thyroid complaint

    The assessment of thyroid function is primarily based on the symptoms, on clinical examination an...
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  • Excessive hair growth (hirsutism)

    Hirsutism is defined as excessive male-pattern body hair growth in women. In about half of the c...
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  • Graves’ ophthalmopathy

    Graves’ ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disorder of the orbital tissues. It affects some of...
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  • Gynaecomastia

    Differentiate physiological breast enlargement and "normal variant" from pathological c...
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  • Haemochromatosis

    In hereditary haemochromatosis, disturbed regulation of iron absorption causes accumulation of ir...
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  • Hormonal contraception

    The majority of women using hormonal contraception use low-dose preparations (containing 20&ndash...
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  • Hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism

    In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands produce an excess of parathyroid hormone (...
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  • Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome

    Manage an acutely ill patient with hyperglycaemia before he/she enters coma. Do not confuse this ...
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  • Hyperthyroidism

    In a hyperthyroid patient, serum TSH concentration is below reference range (often unmeasurable),...
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  • Hypocalcaemia, hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency

    It must be ensured that the patient does not have pseudohypocalcaemia caused by hypoalbuminaemia....
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  • Hypoglycaemia in a diabetic patient

    The possibility of hypoglycaemia should be considered with every unconscious diabetic patient, es...
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  • Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia

    The potassium level of patients using diuretics, particularly the elderly, should be monitored (t...
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  • Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia

    In hyponatraemia, the concentration of sodium in the plasma decreases to below 135 mmol/l, and th...
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  • Hypothyroidism

    Identify the possibility of hypothyroidism when the patient's symptoms include fatigue, const...
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  • Incidental glucosuria in children

    Detect possible insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as the cause of incidental glucosuria and arr...
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  • Infertility

    Approximately 15% of all couples suffer from infertility at some point during their lives. In mos...
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  • Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes

    Glucose control in type 2 diabetes can be improved with additional insulin, self-monitoring of bl...
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  • Lifestyle education in type 2 diabetes

    Every primary care unit should be prepared to provide lifestyle education (either as a group or i...
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  • Magnesium deficiency

    Magnesium is a participant in many metabolic processes. Its concentration in the body is regulate...
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  • Male hypogonadism and hormone replacement

    Primary and secondary hypogonadism must be differentiated from each other; in secondary hypogonad...
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  • Menopausal complaints

    Climacterium is the entire period during which the function of the ovaries diminishes (ovula...
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  • Metabolic syndrome

    Early detection and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MBS) aims at primary and secondary preve...
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  • Newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in a child

    The signs and symptoms should be recognised early: thirst and frequent urination, enuresis in a p...
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  • Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

    Explain the permanent nature and severity of the illness to the patient – the condition is ...
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  • Nipple discharge and mastitis in a non-lactating woman

    Rule out a tumour of the breast by sufficient investigations in all cases with serous unilateral ...
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  • Oral antidiabetic drugs and GLP-1 analogues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

    Oral medication should be introduced at an early stage. In the absence of contraindications, medi...
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  • Osteoporosis

    The aim in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is to prevent fractures.In prevention of ...
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  • Overweight and obesity in children

    The prevention and management of childhood obesity is important since obesity in childhood is pre...
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  • Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans)

    Paget’s disease is a chronic metabolic disorder of unknown aetiology that affects the skele...
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  • Pituitary tumours

    The majority of pituitary tumours are benign adenomas.The tumours may be hormonally active and be...
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  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

    Polycystic ovary syndrome is not purely a gynaecological problem. Diagnosis can be made if the pa...
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  • Polyuria

    Establish whether the patient has true polyuria with excessive amounts of dilute urine, or does h...
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  • Postcoital contraception

    Hormonal contraception, Postcoital contraception during breastfeeding, An intrauterine ...
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  • Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy

    Tell the patient the basic facts, the advantages and disadvantages of the hormone therapy as well...
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  • Primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)

    Measure serum potassium concentration in hypertensive patients as an initial investigation. Suspe...
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  • Primary and follow-up examinations in type 1 diabetes

    Cinical examination, laboratory tests, visit to physician and follow-up
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  • Primary care follow-up of thyroid cancer after initial treatment

    The follow-up of papillary or follicular thyroid cancer can be transferred to primary health care...
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  • Pubertal development and its disturbances

    The first signs of central puberty are enlargement of the testes in boys and growth of the breast...
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  • Rare endocrine tumours

    Tumours that earlier were called carsinoids are according to the new WHO classification called...
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  • Rickets

    Rickets is a disorder of bone mineralization usually caused by vitamin D deficiency.Risk groups i...
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  • Secondary hypertension

    Approximately 5% of patients with hypertension are diagnosed with a secondary cause to the condit...
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  • Steroid doping

    Remember the possibility of anabolic steroid use when a young competitive athlete or a recreation...
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  • Systemic diseases in pregnancy

    Poorly treated or untreated systemic disease impairs fertility; adequate management effectively r...
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  • Transsexualism

    Transsexualism refers to the most extreme form of incongruity between an individual's gender ...
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  • Treatment and follow-up in type 2 diabetes

    The main objective is to prevent the development or worsening of arterial disease, retinopathy, n...
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  • Treatment of chronic renal failure

    Treatment aims at slowing down the deterioration of renal function and at prevention of organ com...
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  • Treatment of dyslipidaemias

    Preventing the progress of arterial disease in those already affected (the most important patient...
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  • Treatment of obesity

    Effective methods are available for the treatment of obesity . Realistic target weights should be...
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  • Treatment of the diabetic foot

    The diabetic patient's feet should be examined and the risk category recorded annually. Patie...
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  • Type 1 diabetes: dietary therapy and exercise

    The diet recommended for patients with type 1 diabetes does not differ from the general recommend...
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  • Type 1 diabetes: insulin treatment

    The missing insulin production of the pancreas is replaced by individual administration of differ...
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