Search result for "MEDICAL / Endocrinology & Metabolism"
A child or adolescent with type 1 diabetes in primary health care
The care of a child with type 1 diabetes requires specialist management. If a diabetic child pres...
A lump in the neck
When assessing the aetiology, take into account possible symptoms of infection, the patient&rsquo...
Abnormal menstrual bleeding
A detailed history of menstrual bleeding is often more important than the pelvic examination. Dif...
Acute abdominal symptoms in children
Most abdominal symptoms in children can be treated by the general practitioner. The most common o...
Addison's disease and other conditions inducing hypocortisolism
The symptoms of insufficient levels of cortisol include weight loss, fatigue and hypotension. Ski...
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
the origin of an increased plasma ALP concentration is usually either the liver or the ...
Amenorrhoea
In primary amenorrhoea, the patient has never had a menstruation. In secondary amenorrhoea, menst...
Assessment of an obese patient
Determine the degree of obesity. In adults the body mass index (BMI) is a suitable measure. Mild ...
Bariatric surgery (obesity surgery)
The long-term results of bariatric surgery are usually significantly better than those achieved w...
Blood gas analysis and acid-base balance
The blood specimen should be examined as soon as possible after sampling
Contraception: initiation, choice of method and follow-up
The time when a young woman starts with contraception provides a good opportunity to influence he...
Crohn’s disease
The most common symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, weight loss and blood in the stool...
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome may be behind the patient's hypertension or metabolic syndrome . Dia...
Diabetes: definition, differential diagnosis and classification
The diagnosis of diabetes is based on elevated fasting glucose level (plasma glucose = 7.0 mmol/l...
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Always remember to measure plasma/blood glucose in insulin-treated diabetic patients showing symp...
Diabetic nephropathy
Patients with diabetes should be screened annually for microalbuminuria and eGFR (estimated glome...
Diabetic neuropathy
The diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy is based on the diagnosis of diabetes, typical symptoms and ...
Diabetic retinopathy
Screening for diabetic retinopathy prevents blindness and visual impairment and offers a good cos...
Diagnosis and treatment of childhood hypercholesterolaemia
Identify and guide to treatment children with hereditary dyslipidaemia, especially familial hyper...
Doping in sports
The aim of the anti-doping work is to prevent the use of substances and methods that are hazardou...
Erectile dysfunction (impotence)
Erectile dysfunction is often of organic origin. However, problems in self confidence and couple ...
Examining a patient with a thyroid complaint
The assessment of thyroid function is primarily based on the symptoms, on clinical examination an...
Excessive hair growth (hirsutism)
Hirsutism is defined as excessive male-pattern body hair growth in women. In about half of the c...
Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Graves’ ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disorder of the orbital tissues. It affects some of...
Gynaecomastia
Differentiate physiological breast enlargement and "normal variant" from pathological c...
Haemochromatosis
In hereditary haemochromatosis, disturbed regulation of iron absorption causes accumulation of ir...
Hormonal contraception
The majority of women using hormonal contraception use low-dose preparations (containing 20&ndash...
Hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism
In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands produce an excess of parathyroid hormone (...
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome
Manage an acutely ill patient with hyperglycaemia before he/she enters coma. Do not confuse this ...
Hyperthyroidism
In a hyperthyroid patient, serum TSH concentration is below reference range (often unmeasurable),...
Hypocalcaemia, hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency
It must be ensured that the patient does not have pseudohypocalcaemia caused by hypoalbuminaemia....
Hypoglycaemia in a diabetic patient
The possibility of hypoglycaemia should be considered with every unconscious diabetic patient, es...
Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia
The potassium level of patients using diuretics, particularly the elderly, should be monitored (t...
Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia
In hyponatraemia, the concentration of sodium in the plasma decreases to below 135 mmol/l, and th...
Hypothyroidism
Identify the possibility of hypothyroidism when the patient's symptoms include fatigue, const...
Incidental glucosuria in children
Detect possible insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as the cause of incidental glucosuria and arr...
Infertility
Approximately 15% of all couples suffer from infertility at some point during their lives. In mos...
Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes
Glucose control in type 2 diabetes can be improved with additional insulin, self-monitoring of bl...
Lifestyle education in type 2 diabetes
Every primary care unit should be prepared to provide lifestyle education (either as a group or i...
Magnesium deficiency
Magnesium is a participant in many metabolic processes. Its concentration in the body is regulate...
Male hypogonadism and hormone replacement
Primary and secondary hypogonadism must be differentiated from each other; in secondary hypogonad...
Menopausal complaints
Climacterium is the entire period during which the function of the ovaries diminishes (ovula...
Metabolic syndrome
Early detection and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MBS) aims at primary and secondary preve...
Newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in a child
The signs and symptoms should be recognised early: thirst and frequent urination, enuresis in a p...
Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Explain the permanent nature and severity of the illness to the patient – the condition is ...
Nipple discharge and mastitis in a non-lactating woman
Rule out a tumour of the breast by sufficient investigations in all cases with serous unilateral ...
Oral antidiabetic drugs and GLP-1 analogues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Oral medication should be introduced at an early stage. In the absence of contraindications, medi...
Osteoporosis
The aim in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is to prevent fractures.In prevention of ...
Overweight and obesity in children
The prevention and management of childhood obesity is important since obesity in childhood is pre...
Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans)
Paget’s disease is a chronic metabolic disorder of unknown aetiology that affects the skele...
Pituitary tumours
The majority of pituitary tumours are benign adenomas.The tumours may be hormonally active and be...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary syndrome is not purely a gynaecological problem. Diagnosis can be made if the pa...
Polyuria
Establish whether the patient has true polyuria with excessive amounts of dilute urine, or does h...
Postcoital contraception
Hormonal contraception, Postcoital contraception during breastfeeding, An intrauterine ...
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
Tell the patient the basic facts, the advantages and disadvantages of the hormone therapy as well...
Primary aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
Measure serum potassium concentration in hypertensive patients as an initial investigation. Suspe...
Primary and follow-up examinations in type 1 diabetes
Cinical examination, laboratory tests, visit to physician and follow-up
Primary care follow-up of thyroid cancer after initial treatment
The follow-up of papillary or follicular thyroid cancer can be transferred to primary health care...
Pubertal development and its disturbances
The first signs of central puberty are enlargement of the testes in boys and growth of the breast...
Rare endocrine tumours
Tumours that earlier were called carsinoids are according to the new WHO classification called...
Rickets
Rickets is a disorder of bone mineralization usually caused by vitamin D deficiency.Risk groups i...
Secondary hypertension
Approximately 5% of patients with hypertension are diagnosed with a secondary cause to the condit...
Steroid doping
Remember the possibility of anabolic steroid use when a young competitive athlete or a recreation...
Systemic diseases in pregnancy
Poorly treated or untreated systemic disease impairs fertility; adequate management effectively r...
Transsexualism
Transsexualism refers to the most extreme form of incongruity between an individual's gender ...
Treatment and follow-up in type 2 diabetes
The main objective is to prevent the development or worsening of arterial disease, retinopathy, n...
Treatment of chronic renal failure
Treatment aims at slowing down the deterioration of renal function and at prevention of organ com...
Treatment of dyslipidaemias
Preventing the progress of arterial disease in those already affected (the most important patient...
Treatment of obesity
Effective methods are available for the treatment of obesity . Realistic target weights should be...
Treatment of the diabetic foot
The diabetic patient's feet should be examined and the risk category recorded annually. Patie...
Type 1 diabetes: dietary therapy and exercise
The diet recommended for patients with type 1 diabetes does not differ from the general recommend...
Type 1 diabetes: insulin treatment
The missing insulin production of the pancreas is replaced by individual administration of differ...
